Legislation & regulations Essay Example for Free

Legislation regulations Essay Until the passage of the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act of 1938, which for the first time imposed penalties for products that contains dangerous or impure substances, the production and sale of cosmetics in the United States was then regulated. Grolier (2005:220). Clear and accurate labeling of all ingredients was now required. The food and drug laws are administered by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), sometimes in conjunction with the Department of Agriculture. With regard to cosmetics, the laws hold the manufacturers responsible for selling products that are in compliance with the regulations. Manufacturers, however, are not required to register their companies, their products, or their product ingredients with the FDA. They need not report adverse reactions, if they occur among their customers. The FDA may investigate a product , but bears the responsibility for proving that a substance used in that product is harmful. The industry, however, has been largely self-policing in the recent years. Reputable manufacturers conduct their own product-safety tests. In this table, the functions of FDA are enumerated, although not limited only to these: Source: Passiment (2006:38) Prue (2007:349) As part of the screening procedures and safety measures in adapting these products and selling cross-regions, the question on quality control assessment should never be compromised nor put into secondary importance. The degree of the quality measures will directly impact product performance, societal consumption, customer loyalty and market survival of the firm. Thus, the evaluating board should minimally possess the strictest procedures or methodologies of testing and evaluating these bio-products, as per the illustration or flowchart below: Source: Akoh (2004:39) Regulatory and Safety Conditions More than cosmetics, the government also oversees regulatory policies for any agents intended for use in the processing of foods or synthesis of compounds or ingredients for food use. According to the Food Chemical Codex, enzymes as listed must have a GRAS status or undergo the regulatory process of approval. However, the controversy over genetically modified organisms should be taken into consideration by molecular biotechnologists and applied biotechnologists as they design new lipases for new uses. These regulatory polices were established by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for substances that will be present in the diet at low levels. Neither the enzyme preparation nor the production organism has any health-related hazard, and both lack any oral toxicity and genotoxicity. Imposing and implementing policies affecting human subjects are the main functions of the FDA. Being a federal regulatory agency that monitors the safety and effectiveness of food and beverages and even of medical devices. The FDA is broken down into centers:   Center for Devices and Radiological Health with its Office of In Vitro Diagnostics Device Evaluation   Center for the Biological Evaluation and Research FDA classification are designated into several classes: Class I, Class II or Class III, with Class I being the least regulation. Devices are classified by the risk of harming the user and design. The simpler the design, the higher the probability that it will be categorized as Class I. FDA’s decisions can be very controversial for the industry and for the company or the manufacturer. It should be noted however that this decision-making process is not a rule-making game, so neither the affected company be able to comment on FDA’s decisions. The FDA has been commonly viewed as an obstructionist to a new innovation. , especially in new products and medication.

The Rewarding Career of a Veterinarian Essay -- animals, clinic, rease

Many people have lost their pets and close family members because there is no way to get the help or medical attention that the animal so desperately needed. Every day in the United States, veterinarians are working hard to save animal’s lives. People will always continue to want and to breed pets. Therefore, to help and cure all these pets, a steady stream of veterinarians will be needed for many years to come. Over the years, the requirements and processes to becoming a veterinarian have changed. To become a successful veterinarian one must complete all necessary education and on the job training, be friendly and love animals, and have a burning passion to help both the pet and the pet owner. For anyone to become a veterinarian, one must have all the necessary requirements for both education and on the job training. During high school, science courses are highly recommended. After high school, one must obtain their doctor of veterinary medicine degree. To achieve this goal, Ferguson’s Career Guidance Center says one must â€Å"attend 4 years at college of veterinary medicine, complete 45-90 hours of undergraduate study, and must pass at least one examination in the state at in which they intend to practice† (3-4 2014). During a person’s schooling, Veterinarians are expected to make decent grades and to show an interest for learning the sciences as well as technology. Besides having the education, a person must also indulge in some training both on the job and in shadowing experiences. Most if not all training will be completed in veterinarian school and will allow the veterinarian to start working right away. â€Å"According to the 2006-07 edition o f the U.S. Department of Labor’s Occupational Outlook Handbook, in 2004 annual sala... ...ool and dedication are necessary for succeeding in a career. Works Cited Greenland, Paul R., and Anna Marie L. â€Å"Veterinarian.† Ferguson’s Career Guidance Center.Facts On File, Inc. Web. 9. Jan. 2014. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp? Item ID= WE34&SID=58iPin=COCEO66&SingleRecord=True. Devantier, Alecia T., and Carol A. Turkington, Carol A. . â€Å"Holistic Veterinarian.† Ferguson’s Career Guidance Center. Facts on File. Inc. Web. 14 Jan 2014. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp? Item= WE34&SID=iPin=EJAN10016&SingleRecord=Truen. â€Å"Veterinarians† Ferguson’s Career Guidance Center. Facts on File, Inc. Web. 9 Jan 2014. Lee, Mary Price, Lee, Richard S. In: McGraw Hill Professional. Edition: Rev. ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2009. eBook. Todd, Benton. Personal Interview. 26 Nov 2013.

Who Killed Reconstruction?

North or South: Who Killed Reconstruction? Harper’s Weekly September 1, 1868 Harper’s Weekly September 1, 1868 â€Å"Is This a Republican Form of Government? Is This Protecting Life, Liberty, or Property? † â€Å"Is This a Republican Form of Government? Is This Protecting Life, Liberty, or Property? † Overview: The twelve years after the Civil War proved to be a difficult time for America. Called Reconstruction by historians, this era saw an increase of freedom for former slaves. However, there was also great resistance to change.In 1877 attempts to reconstruct the South officially ended, leaving white-only governments in power. This DBQ asks you to decide who, North or South, was most responsible for the end of Reconstruction Background Essay North or South: Who Killed Reconstruction †¦ the slave went free; stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back again toward slavery. -W. E. B. Dubois 1876 was an exciting year for America. It was the 100th a nniversary of The Declaration of Independence and America was on the move. Homesteaders and ranchers were filling up the land west of the Mississippi River.Railroads were being built at an astounding rate. It seemed the United States was creating enough opportunity that all Americans and millions of immigrants could pursue their hopes for happiness just as Thomas Jefferson had envisioned 100 years earlier. So it is a great irony of history that the election of 1876 officially crushed the American dream for millions of black Americans. This election saw Rutherford B. Hayes, the Republican candidate and eventual winner, square off against Samuel J. Tilden, the Democratic nominee. Although Tilden won the popular ote by a wide margin, election results in Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana were so close that a winner could not be determined. If these three states went for Hayes, he would win the Electoral College vote and become President. Talk of a new Civil War was in the air as th e opponents in the disputed states submitted separate sets of electoral ballots. An informal agreement, now called The Compromise of 1877, avoided the crisis by granting Hayes the Presidency. In return, Hayes promised to remove the last Federal soldiers from the South, almost guaranteeing that all-white governments would rise to power.The dream of Reconstruction was officially dead. For a while, however, it had seemed that the dream of Reconstruction might be realized. The 13th Amendment ended slavery. The 14th Amendment gave black Americans citizenship and civil rights. A Military Reconstruction Act was passed to make sure African-Americans' new rights were protected. Black churches were founded. Public schools were built for black children, and universities like Howard, Fisk, Morehouse, and Hampton were founded for black students seeking higher education.Sixteen African-Americans were elected to Congress and numerous others served at state and local levels. Finally, the 15th Amend ment was ratified making it illegal to deny someone the right to vote based on race. Indeed, real progress was made. However, in the early 1870s, the tide shifted. Southern states began to elect governments dedicated to whites-only rule. Between 1870 and 1876 all but three Southern states turned back Reconstruction efforts. When Rutherford B. Hayes agreed to remove federal soldiers, he was simply putting an end to an already dying effort.But dying or dead, what had gone wrong? Your job is to read the documents that follow and answer the question: North or South: Who killed Reconstruction? 1. Why was 1876 an important year for America? 2. Who ran for President in 1876? What were their political parties? 3. An â€Å"irony† is something you don't expect, something that doesn't seem to fit. What was the irony of history that occurred in 1876? 4. What was the Compromise of 1877? Who got what? 5. Describe each of the following Amendments to the Constitution. a. 13th Amendment: b. 1 4th Amendment: . 15th Amendment: Document A Source: In the years following the Civil War – throughout the South -state, city, and town governments passed laws to restrict the rights of free African-American men and women. These laws were often called â€Å"Black Codes. † The example below of â€Å"Black Codes† comes from laws passed in Opelousas, Louisiana immediately after the Civil War. ————————————————- 1. â€Å"No negro or freedmen shall be allowed to come within the limits of the town of Opelousas without special permission from his employers.Whoever breaks this law will go to jail and work for two days on the public streets, or pay a fine of five dollars. † ————————————————- —————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 2. â€Å"No negro or freedman shall be permitted to rent or keep a house in town under any circumstances. No negro or freedman shall live within the town who does not work for some white person or former owner. † ————————————————- ————————————————- 3. No public meetings of negroes or freedmen shall be allowed within the town. † ————————————————- ————————————————- 4. â€Å"No freedman shall be allowed to carry firearms, or any kind of weapons. No freedman s hall sell or exchange any article of merchandise within the limits of Opelousas without permission in writing from his employer. † ————————————————- ————————————————- 5. â€Å"Every negro is to be in the service of (work for) some white person, or former owner. Document Analysis How did black codes restrict the freedom of freedmen? Document B Document Analysis Based on the document above and your knowledge of U. S. history, what was the real end result of sharecropping? Document C Source: Albion Tourgee, Letter on Ku Klux Klan Activities. New York Tribune, May 1870. Note: Tourgee was a white, Northern soldier who settled in North Carolina after the War. He served as a judge during Reconstruction and wrote this letter to the North Carolina Republican Senato r, Joseph Carter Abbott. ————————————————- ———————————————— It is my mournful duty to inform you that our friend John W. Stephens, State Senator from Caswell, is dead. He was foully murdered by the Ku-Klux in the Grand Jury room of the Court House on Saturday†¦ He was stabbed five or six times, and then hanged on a hook in the Grand Jury room†¦ Another brave, honest Republican citizen has met his fate at the hands of these fiends†¦ ————————————————- I have very little doubt that I shall be one of the next victims. My steps ave been dogged for months, and only a good opportunity has been wanting to secure to me the fate which Stephens has just met†¦ I say to you plainly that any member of Congress who, especially if from the South, does not support, advocate, and urge immediate, active, and thorough measures to put an end to these outrages†¦is a coward, a traitor, or a fool. ————————————————- Source: Independent Monitor, September 1, 1868. Document Analysis What group(s) is the KKK threatening? According to Tourgee, what types of people are being attacked by the KKK?Why would the KKK attack these people? How do these documents help answer the DBQ question? Document C Source: Abram Colby, testimony to a joint House and Senate Committee in 1872. Note: Colby was a former slave who was elected to the Georgia State legislature during Reconstruction. ————————————————- Colby: On the 29th of Oct ober 1869, [the Klansmen] broke my door open, took me out of bed, took me to the woods and whipped me three hours or more and left me for dead. They said to me, â€Å"Do you think you will ever vote another damned Radical ticket? I said, â€Å"If there was an election tomorrow, I would vote the Radical ticket. † They set in and whipped me a thousand licks more, with sticks and straps that had buckles on the ends of them. ————————————————- ————————————————- Question: What is the character of those men who were engaged in whipping you? ————————————————- ——————————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Colby: Some are first-class men in our town. One is a lawyer, one a doctor, and some are farmers†¦ They said I had voted for Grant and had carried the Negroes against them.About two days before they whipped me they offered me $5,000 to go with them and said they would pay me $2,500 in cash if I would let another man go to the legislature in my place. I told them that I would not do it if they would give me all the county was worth†¦ No man can make a free speech in my county. I do not believe it can be done anywhere in Georgia. Source: Harper’s Weekly, October 21, 1876. Caption: â€Å"Of Course he wants to vote the Democratic ticket. † Document Analysis Why did the KKK attack Abram Colby? According to Colby, what types of people make up the KKK? What seems to be the ultimate goal of the KKK?What is the main idea of the cartoon? Document D Source: Gerald Danzer et al. , The Americans, McDougall Littell, 1998. —— ——————————————- †¦ in the 1870s, Northern voters grew indifferent to events in the South. Weary of the ‘Negro Question' and ‘sick of carpet-bag' government, many Northern voters shifted their attention to such national concerns as the Panic of 1873 and corruption in Grant's administration†¦. Although political violence continued in the South†¦ the tide of public opinion in the North began to turn against Reconstruction policies.Source: Kenneth Stampp, The Era of Reconstruction, 1865-1877, Vintage, 1967. ————————————————- Meanwhile southern Democrats gained strength when Congress finally removed the political disabilities from most of the prewar leadership. In May 1872, because of pressure from the Liberal Republican, Congress passed a general amnesty act which restored the right of office holding [and voting] to the vast majority of those who had been disqualified†¦After the passage of this act only a few hundred ex-Confederates remained unpardoned. Document AnalysisExplain the phrases â€Å"weary of the ‘Negro Question’† and â€Å"‘sick of carpet-bag’ government. † Why might increased anger about the corruption in government lead to less interest in government attempts to reconstruct the South? How did the restoration of voting rights to white Southerners undermine efforts to preserve and protect the voting rights of the freedmen? Document E Source: Heather Cox Richardson, The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor and Politics in the Post-Civil War North, 1865-1901. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2001. ————————————————-In the fall of 1873, even the stau nchly (firmly) pro-Grant and pro-freedman Boston Evening Transcript ran a letter †¦ arguing that â€Å"the blacks, as a people, are unfitted for the proper exercise of political duties†¦. The rising generation of †¦ blacks needed a period of probation and instruction; a period †¦ long enough for the black to have forgotten something of his condition as a slave and learned much of the true method of gaining honorable subsistence and of performing the duties of any position to which he might aspire. Northern artist’s portrayal of the South Carolina State Legislature during Reconstruction.Source: The Cover of Harper’s Weekly, March 14, 1874 Document Analysis According to the letter from the Boston Evening Transcript, why did some people believe blacks were unfit to be government officials? How does this letter show racism existed in the North? How do this cartoon & letter help explain why Northerners lost interest in Reconstruction? How does the image above depict black politicians in the South? Document F Document Analysis How was it possible that Hayes â€Å"won† the election of 1876? How did this disputed election lead to the end of Reconstruction?

Critical Analysis DNA Evidence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2994 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Introduction DNA evidence is the use of body products like saliva, blood, skin cells, semen, and any biological material to develop investigative leads. Forensic DNA analysis is accurate and reliable, and as a result, its evidence is essential in exonerating people who are convicted wrongly. The popularity of DNA evidence has captured the headlines as well as the imagination of the citizens making them involve it in many cases despite the fact that other methods can be used to prove evidence. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Critical Analysis: DNA Evidence" essay for you Create order The technique allows people to be identified with their unique blueprint and it is widely used for criminal investigation especially in the criminal and justice system. The police use DNA to check whether the sample of a suspect matches the one in the file and to understand the characteristics of the criminal. Genetic fingerprinting allows police to store information about DNA regions rather than actual genes for data protection purposes. In statistical modeling, two cultures is a problem that involves science and the real life. People are split into two because of science whereby science is seen as something that will keep people prosperous and secure. The two cultures create a dilemma because the sciences believe that the future of a person is found in their bones while the traditional culture does not believe in the existence of the future. People think that science address the human condition, which is a problem with the traditional culture since God, is the Supreme Being who tre ats all conditions faced by humankind. The truths about these two cultures are contradicting making it difficult to know the real truth. This paper is going to discuss DNA evidence focusing on the problems that surround it including the two cultures problem. DNA Evidence Problem Despite the fact that DNA evidence has been used to solve a lot of issues, it has some limitations. In crime cases, having a match of a DNA in a crime scene makes someone a suspect, but it does not guarantee that the person is guilty. However, in forensic DNA evidence, experts talk about the probability (Reardon, p.40, 2004). The movies and the television portray DNA evidence in such a way that it is capable of solving any criminal case. CSI effect has an influence on the criminal justice whereby jurors rely too much on DNA evidence and exclude other physical evidence that may be of use in solving a case (Palsson, and Rabinow, p.14, 1999). DNA fraud is another issue that is facing DNA evidence whereby criminals plant DNA samples in the crime scene. According to research, it is also possible to manufacture the DNA of a person without even having body tissues of the person. With the help of DNA evidence, crime shows in the television and the movies make it seem easy to catch a criminal and solve crimes. However, this is not the case in real life situations. Lab mistakes occur at times, and sometimes there are cases of mixed evidence like siblings sharing the same DNA, which could make an innocent person be convicted of a crime. The reported matches need to be interpreted correctly in order to ensure that the right person is convicted. According to research, interpreting results requires a lot of consideration rather than technological knowledge (Mcharek, p.122, 2000). People perceive that DNA results offer evidence without a reasonable doubt but in most cases, a DNA match does not guarantee the guilt of a suspect. Errors can occur especially when several DNAs are mixed and when the evidence is degraded through improper storage and time. Hence, it is important to separate different sources to avoid mixing the DNAs. The analysts are human beings, and sometimes they can be affected emotionally leading to bias. In most cases, the people conducting the analysis are aware of the results that are supposed to match, and it influences the process. The jurors also get a lot of information on DNA evidence but little information on how to analyze the results, which are capable of causing errors (Connors, p.31, 1996). DNA errors occur because of collection and handling errors. DNA evidence faces the risk of being contaminated whereby officers should reduce related activities in order to ensure that contamination does not occur. While collecting evidence, such activities like smoking, drinking, and eating should not take place because they increase the chances of the evidence being contaminated. This is because DNA is a sensitive type of proof and any compromise can lead to contamination, which can in return give the wrong results. According to research, ninety-five percent of the DNA is not understood whereby experts technically refer it to noncoding DNA or junk DNA. The lack of this understanding, in this case, is associated with lack of purpose resulting in the question whether nature is supposed to make mistakes (Fausto-Sterling, p.5, 2004). The people that are in control of DNA database are capable of planting fake evidence in a crime scene since they are aware of the lineage of an individual including the physical characteristics, the diseases, the mental characteristics, and predispositions. As a result, the use of DNA as a criminal evidence is negated unless there is corroborating evidence. The Predictive Powers of DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule used to encode the instructions of genes that are used in the development and the functioning of organisms. DNA is a macromolecule that is necessary for all forms of life, and it consists of two polymers made of deoxyribose and phosphate groups that alternate each other (Reardon, p.44, 2004). DNA contains biological storage whereby the molecule has an inbuilt duplicate of encoded information because of the DNA backbone that is resistant to cleavage. The process used by forensic scientists is known as DNA profiling or genetic fingerprinting. The method is reliable in identifying a match in a crime. The sequence of DNA makes up a gene whereby the gene is used to determine the characteristics of the organism, and in this case, the attribute of the suspect. These features include the colors of their eyes, the hair, and the physical strength. A series of genes create a chromosome whereby the unique biological code of a person appears (Connors, p.35, 1996). As a result, a sample of a DNA is capable of showing the genetic blueprints of an individual and therefore, recreates the person. The code is unique in all organisms, and hence it is used to trace the particular suspect in a crime. DNA evidence has predictive powers whereby it is possible to connect a person with a tangible object. Biological evidence is a type of proof that is not visible but shows physical evidence. All the biological evidence that is obtained in a crime scene is subjected to tests whereby all kinds of biological organs can be used including saliva, vomit and even feces (Mcharek, p.123, 2000). The testing uses a few cells to obtain evidence whereby the sources of the sample are identified and the suspect is determined whether he/she was at a crime scene. A weapon can be put in the hands of a suspect through DNA testing helping to solve crimes. It is important for officers to be aware of how to use DNA evidence since it is a powerful tool and in case it is used in the wrong way can lead to innocent people being implicated for crimes they did not commit. The integrity of the crime scene is necessary in DNA evidence whereby the scene should be protected in order for the evidence to be safe. The success of a DNA evidence requires preservation and safeguarding of proof whereby details of the state of the evidence should be documented such as wet blood spatters or dry blood (Fausto-Sterling, p.11, 2004). DNA evidence uses a chain of custody where the people collecting evidence keep a record of all the people with physical possession of proof. In addition, to maintain the integrity of the crime scene, recording makes sure that evidence is collected in the right manner. DNA is a powerful tool and experts can use DNA samples and knowledge to create medical advances and answer important questions (Palsson, and Rabinow, p.17, 1999). DNA can be applied in various compelling situations especially in detection and treatment of diseases. This is because it has the ability to spot and prevent an ailment in the case that the blueprint of a person i s presented. For instance, re-growth of an organ can occur through cloning whereby a missing part of the body can be developed. In the case of crime evidence, DNA is capable of placing a person in a crime scene or excluding a suspect in a scene of the offense. Hence, DNA evidence is an important tool in solving crimes because it has powerful predictive abilities. The Two Cultures Problem The issue of whether people from two different cultures can understand one another can be answered by science. Science creates knowledge by using personal knowledge whereby a distinctive culture is formed. Science is an independent culture that helps to transcend the ethnic cultures (Fausto-Sterling, p.22, 2004). However, literary people cannot understand science as a distinctive culture resulting in another culture being formed of the literary people. Hence, the two cultures are the literary culture and the science culture, and they have differing opinions about different people from different cultures understanding one another. The basic understanding of different cultures is based on science rather than language. Culture is a factor that forms the physical and biological evolution of a person and cannot be treated as an organ in the body. Human culture is distinctive whereby science and art form two different cultures. The two cultures problem assumes that people from different cultures are not capable of understanding one another. Science and art form two distinctive cultures because humanists and scientists cannot communicate with one another and the problem needs to be resolved. The problem assumes that people from different cultures always misunderstand one another and that membership in the two cultures is mutually limited (Fausto-Sterling, p.15, 2004). Humanists believe that the people who value technology and science and believe that it is meant to enhance technology do not belong in the contemporary world. This is because the mind and cognition model is the information-processing factor. Science and technology define human beings as computer machines, and human characteristics are seen as the thinking and judgment computation models. Humanists are marginalized by technoscience whereby devices are deemed more important than people are. Scholars expect technology to serve them while scientists expect philosophers to follow the algorithmic and universal laws of the physical system (Connors, p.39, 1996). As a result, the two cultures cannot understand one another since computer systems function according to finite procedures that are fixed, and they cannot deviate. On the other hand, the human systems are open and infinite hence cannot be compared to computer systems. The creation of the artists and scientists allow the breaking of the barrier between the two cultures through the creation of knowledge. This is because knowledge has an actual dimension and it is subjective to personal experience. The content of the education should be open to the discovery of all people irrespective of the culture they originate. However, it is important to change the focal awareness of the people and to extend the subliminal understanding (Fausto-Sterling, p.35, 2004). The creation of scientific knowledge is dependent on the knowledge that is embodied in culture because scientists are bound by culture. As a result, the production of knowledge is ironic since there is a commitment of artistic processes and imagination confirming the traditional scientific procedures. Therefore, the two cultures are based on two stereotypes that are misleading since the creation of knowledge is applicable in the two cultures. The problem of how technocrats and humanists communicate comes from the two cultures problem. It is possible for the two cultures to communicate through the understanding of what drives the problem. There is a possibility of solving the issue in case people discuss and elaborate the problem more. The people who support technology systems and the ones who use the systems can listen to the individuals who use the systems in order to come with solutions. The problems can be interpreted as design flaws like the bugs problem in technology that is said to make people stupid (Mcharek, p.149, 2000). In the case of bug problems, the only way to come up with a solution is to involve the developers. The developers can create a system that improves the abilities of the users instead of one that curbs them. The problem of the two cultures can be solved through evolution and knowledge. This is because the two cultures are not different but instead they contain the same elements. The two cultures depend on the same factors in order for humanists and scientists to create knowledge (Reardon, p.52, 2004). These features include irony, metaphor, switching of perspective, and focus. Humanists can be defined as scientists in terms of the way they elaborate issues as well as the way they discuss interpretations critically. In addition, philosophy and history involve debugging, criticism, problem-solving, and resolution of problems, which show similarity rather than differences. On the other hand, the theories and the socio-technical systems are found in the contemporary society as well as in humanists and scientists, which are over the cultural differences. Hence, it is important to discuss these issues in order to come up with a solution. The technology has a common goal, which is creating and using knowledge. The users, the developers and the humanists both need the same thing and as a result, it is important to come up with a solution rather than looking at the difference that exists between the two cultures. Since there is a common goal in the two cultures, it is possible to have a direction that can facilitate communication between the two groups. This means that the technology developers need to listen to the technology users in order for an effective solution to be developed (Connors, p.41, 1996). For instance, the users may state the failures of a system whereby the developers are supposed to draw up a solution to the particular problem. In addition to both scientists and humanists having the knowledge of creating, they also have the knowledge of using technology. As a result, the two cultures are capable of understanding one another because they share the same characteristics and knowledge. The two cultures problem in DNA Evidence DNA analysis has enhanced and outweighs all the other forensic techniques used in finding evidence. However, the technique has a disadvantage because science can only be reliable depending on the way people decide to use it. With DNA evidence, the manner of using the method keeps on evolving, and as a result, the field of forensic evidence keeps on expanding. However, it is important to understand the analysis of the mixtures and the probability of the analysis going wrong. This is because according to biology, human beings share 99.9 percent of genes (Palsson, and Rabinow, p.17, 1999). However, the strands of DNA have a unique sequence in all human beings and the chances of having a share of the same gene are rare. The mixtures of DNA samples consist of many alleles making the mathematics in the analysis complicated. Therefore, it is important for the study to determine the contributors that are involved in a test as well as the type of allele that belong to a particular suspect (Re ardon, p.56, 2004). It is possible for alleles to appear to exist in a place that it does not especially, if the sample is degraded or too small. This means that the analysis is an objective science and at the same times an interpretive art. In some cases, victims are implicated in crimes that they did not commit in order for the guilty party to go free. The fundamental objective of the DNA evidence technology is to help solve problems and at the same time eliminate subjectivity in forensics. However, crime laboratories do not operate in the way that they are meant to because subjectivity still exists even with DNA evidence. This is because the level of training and standards vary, as well as the quality of results (Palsson, and Rabinow, p.18, 1999). The forensic DNA has a dark side whereby many DNA evidence testing go wrong because of the faults of both the users and the developers of the technology. The problem also exists because of lack of communication between the police officers and the DNA experts because the police do not know how to interpret the results from the laboratories. DNA profiling does not have skepticism and mistakes occur all the time (Mcharek, p.154, 2000). DNA evidence is the science used to come u p with answers, but the people in the laboratory and the police officers use it wrong leading to more problems like punishing innocent people. People need to accept the world as it is and as a result, the difference between science and culture will be solved. Conclusion DNA evidence is any biological evidence that is capable of connecting a suspect to a crime. It has predictive powers whereby it is capable of placing a person in a crime scene even without any physical evidence. The primary objective of DNA evidence is to eliminate subjectivity and to solve crimes effectively. However, DNA evidence has some problems that include testing errors that mostly occur because of contamination. Mixing of several samples or other materials as well as keeping a sample for an extended time can contaminate a sample and as a result, give the wrong results. The two cultures problem involves communication issues between scientists and humanists because of differing beliefs. However, the problem can be reconciled with the development of knowledge and discussion of the issue more often in order to come up with the practical solution. The two cultures are not contradicting because they share the same characteristics hence are capable of developing a solution. With the correct use of DNA evidence technology, crime can be solved effectively.

Theories And Rehabilitation Of The Criminological Theory...

Criminological theory paper: Ch.14 theories and Rehabilitation Chapter 14 of the Criminological Theory book by Frank Williams III and Marilyn D. McShane is dedicated to Contemporary theories of Process. Contemporary theories of process in this chapter include general strain theory, self-control theory and developmental life course theory. These three theories focus on â€Å"the importance of factors in early life† (Williams McShane 2014 Page 204). I believe the theories that are reviewed in this chapter adequately depict the possible causes of future antisocial behavior developed from factors in early life. These theories provide a good perspective on possible causes of antisocial behavior that we can use as guidelines to provide the proper rehabilitation programs for prison inmates. Each of these three theories is implicated in some way with rehabilitation of criminals. These theories can be seen implicated in prison-based rehabilitation programs, such as prison-based education, prison-based transcendental meditation programs, and priso n-based relationship education programs. The first theory provided by Robert Agnew, the general strain theory, states that â€Å"just like individual’s goals can be blocked, so can the ability to avoid undesirable situations or stressful life events† (Williams McShane 2014 Page 204). The inability of an individual to succeed in life due to not having the same opportunities and tools as another individual, can lead them in trying to achieve those

Segregation in the College Student Center Essay - 2522 Words

Segregation in the College Student Center As I walked into the University Student Center after my Issues in Public Policy class one August day, a disturbing sight immediately struck me. For a moment I thought I needed to pinch myself because I felt as though I was having a horrible nightmare. Then, I thought that maybe I needed to check my calendar to make sure that I had not traveled back in time to the sixties when segregation was still an accepted practice in the United States. Much to my dismay, I was not dreaming, and it was still in the year 2000. As I continued to look around at my fellow students, my stomach churned, and it was not because I was hungry. The sight that lay before my eyes was not only very disturbing but also†¦show more content†¦As a result, another term must be used to refer to the power and domination that white people have over minorities; therefore, in this paper I will use the term white supremacy as opposed to racism. In the Constitution, in slavery, and even in our cities today, white supremacy has been prevalent throughout our history. White supremacy and black inferiority are the two main problems that our cites face today; once white supremacy and black inferiority are ended in our country, then the majority of the problems in our cities will cease to exist. White supremacy and black inferiority have been an epidemic in our nation since the founding of our country. Our country is said to be one of the greatest democratic countries of all time; nevertheless, we have faced great problems such as slavery and unfair distribution of wealth. Our Constitution has helped to shape one of the greatest democratic countries, but it can simultaneously be deprecated for its promotion of institutional racism. People such as Thomas Jefferson, who owned slaves, wrote the Constitution. As a result, our country was founded on white supremacist beliefs. 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Gaia Hypothesis Essay Research Paper Explain Lovelock free essay sample

Gaia Hypothesis Essay, Research Paper Explain Lovelock # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Gaia Hypothesis. # 8221 ; Be certain to include the construct of mutualism or symbiosis. What function do human existences play in this hypothesis? The Gaia Hypothesis is the theory that populating beings and inorganic stuff are portion of a dynamic system that shape Earth # 8217 ; s biosphere, in Lynn Margulis # 8217 ; s words, a # 8220 ; super organismal system # 8221 ; . The Earth is a self-acting environment ; a individual, incorporate, collaborating and populating system # 8211 ; a ace being that regulates physical conditions to maintain the environment hospitable for life development therefore is the consequence of concerted non competitory procedures. In the mid-1960 # 8217 ; s, Dr James Lovelock was approached by the NASA, who asked him for aid in seeking for life on Mars. In 1965, Lovelock proposed some physical trials for finding whether Mars held life or non. He proposed that a top-down position of the full planet be employed. The trial would analyse the composing of the planet # 8217 ; s atmosphere. If it held no life, the planet should hold an ambiance near to the chemical equilibrium province, as determined by chemical science and natural philosophies. If the planet held life, the metabolic activities of life signifiers would ensue in an ambiance far from the equilibrium province. Lovelock examined the atmospheric information for the Martian ambiance and found it to be in a province of stable chemical equilibrium, while the Earth was shown to be in a province of utmost chemical disequilibrium. He concluded that Mars was likely exanimate. In that same twelvemonth, Lovelock began to believe that such an improbable combination of gases such as the Earth had, indicated a homeostatic of the Earth biosphere to keep environmental conditions conducive for life, in a kind of cybernetic feedback cringle, an active control system. By the terminal of the 1960 # 8217 ; s, Lovelock had definitively organized his theory. The novelist William Golding, Lovelock # 8217 ; s neighbour, suggested he name the control system Gaia, after the ancient Greek Earth Goddess. First on his ain in 1972, and so subsequently in 1973 with American microbiologist Lynn Margulis, Lovelock officially proposed the thought of Gaia as a control system. The name for the complex system of clime control has remained # 8220 ; Gaia # 8221 ; since so, and in 1979 his book, Gaia # 8211 ; a new expression at life on Earth foremost presented the Gaia hypothesis to the wider populace. Gaia has become a really of import in the homo. The Gaia hypothesis # 8230 ; say ( s ) that the ambiance, the oceans, the clime, and the crust of the Earth are regulated at a province comfortable for life because of the behaviour of life beings. Specifically, the Gaia hypothesis said that the temperature, oxidization province, sourness and certain facets of the stones and Waterss are at any clip kept changeless, and that this homeostasis is maintained by acti ve feedback processes operated automatically and unconsciously the biology. Solar energy sustains comfy conditions for life. The conditions are merely changeless in the short term and germinate in synchronism with the altering demands of the biology as it evolves. Life and its environment are so closely coupled that development concerns Gala, non the beings or the environment taken separately.† The mutualistic system that James Lovelock has suggested brushs all of life on Earth. Diverse groups of beings all around the universe ( plankton in the oceans, trees in the woods, bacteriums in swamps etc. ) are working together to assist stabilise the Earth # 8217 ; s environment, and maintain the Earth habitable for life itself. For case, they keep the Earth # 8217 ; s temperature reasonably changeless despite long-run fluctuations in the Sun # 8217 ; s energy end product ( forestalling the Earth from either stop deading or acquiring excessively hot for life ) , and they help to maintain the ambiance filled with O, and prevent the oceans from going filled with awful azotic acid. They help keep a sensible sum of rainfall over the Earth # 8217 ; s set down surface, and transport critical foods ( such as I ) needed by land workss from the sea to the land. To me this thought of a expansive planetary symbiosis seems to run foul of the basic job that most beings are engaged in much shorter term conflicts for endurance ( against other members of their ain species, against other viing species and against marauders and quarry ) that determine their behavior much more than any long-run end of salvaging the planet over 1000s and 1000000s of old ages. Besides, if the # 8216 ; enticement # 8217 ; to rip off in a symbiosis is great on the graduated table of flowers and bees, believe how alluring and easy it would be for an being to rip off on the graduated table of the whole planet, with mechanisms frequently taking 1000s of old ages to run. It # 8217 ; s non as is the bad effects of rip offing are merely around the corner, or that they increase perceptibly if you as an single darnel because there are so many one million millions and millions of beings involved in the relationship. I truly can # 8217 ; t believe that such a symbiosis would # 8216 ; work # 8217 ; . It may be that as a fortunate, incidental # 8216 ; by merchandise # 8217 ; of their of all time twenty-four hours activities, beings help stabilise the Earth # 8217 ; s environment, but non because they have evolved features specifically for this intent. If the Gaia mechanisms truly do work to stabilise the Earth # 8217 ; s environment for all the life on Earth, so in a sense I suppose it is a existent symbiosis, in that it works ; but it # 8217 ; s one that hasn # 8217 ; t been selected for. Seems to me that the beings involved in commanding the Earth # 8217 ; s environment have non been selected by development for being good at taking portion in this symbiosis, they merely by the way go on to hold these good effects on the planet while traveling about their normal day-to-day concern.